Volume: 55 Issue: 3
Year: 2024, Page: 1-11, Doi: https://doi.org/10.61649/kujos/v55i3.24.2
Received: Jan. 29, 2024 Accepted: Aug. 26, 2024 Published: Sept. 27, 2024
The present study explores carbon dots (CDs) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the sensing of a flavonoid, genestein (GEN). CDs were prepared by hydrothermal reaction involving the heating of EDTA at 150 °C for 4 h. The proposed CDs modified GCE (CDs/GCE) was used to investigate the electrochemical behaviour of GEN by CV. The voltammetric measurements were conducted in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 3. Under optimized conditions a linear relationship between peak current and concentration of GEN was noticed in the range of 0.5-30.01, 0.1-54.16 and 1.0-62.5 μM for differential pulse voltammetric (DPV), square wave voltammetric (SWV) and adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetric (AdSDPV), respectively. The applicability of the proposed methods was demonstrated by analyzing spiked human urine samples and the results were found to be satisfactory. In addition, the proposed sensor was successfully used to understand the mechanism of binding between GEN and bovine serum albumin.
Keywords: Genestein, Carbon dots, Electrochemical methods, Analytical applications
Murphy SP, Barr SI. Challenges in using the dietary reference intakes to plan diets for groups. Nutrition Reviews. 2005;63(8):267–271. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00140.x
Barnes S, Kirk M, Coward L. Isoflavones and their conjugates in soy foods: extraction conditions and analysis by HPLC-mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1994;42(11):2466–2474. Available from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00047a019
Naim M, Gestetner B, Bondi A, Birk Y. Antioxidative and antihemolytic activities of soybean isoflavones. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1976;24(6):1174–1177. Available from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60208a029
Pratt DE, Birac PM. Source of Antioxidant Activity of Soybeans and Soy Products. Journal of Food Science. 1979;44(6):1720–1722. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1979.tb09125.x
Wu L, Jr. JBL, Dewald HD. Voltammetry and LCEC of isoflavones. Electroanalysis. 1997;9(10):796–799. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140091013
Franke A, Custer LJ. High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of isoflavonoids and coumestrol from human urine. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. 1994;662(1):47–60. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4347(94)00390-4
Luan F, Tang LL, Chen XX, Liu HT. Simultaneous Determination of Daidzein, Genistein and Formononetin in Coffee by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. Separations . 2017;4(1):1–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/separations4010001
César IdC, Braga FC, Vianna-Soares CD, Nunan EdA, Pianetti GA, Moreira-Campos LM. Quantitation of genistein and genistin in soy dry extracts by UV-Visible spectrophotometric method. Gérson Antônio Pianetti. 2008;31(8):1933–1936. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422008000800003
Zhang X, Zheng J, Gao H. Electrochemical behavior of genistein and its polarographic determination in soybeans. Analytical letters. 2001;34(11):1901–1912. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1081/AL-100106120
Popa OM, Diculescu VC. Electrochemical behaviour of isoflavones genistein and biochanin A at a glassy carbon electrode. Electroanalysis. 2013;25(5):1201–1208. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201200657
Zhang J, Yu SH. Carbon dots: large-scale synthesis, sensing and bioimaging. Materials Today. 2016;19(7):382–393. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2015.11.008
Chen PC, Chen YN, Hsu PC, Shih CC, Chang HT. Photoluminescent organosilane-functionalized carbon dots as temperature probes. Chemical Communications. 2013;49(16):1639–1641. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CC38486A
Baker SN, Baker GA. Luminescent carbon nanodots: emergent nanolights. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010;49(38):6726–6744. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200906623
Dong Y, Pang H, Yang HB, Guo C, Shao J, Chi Y, et al. Carbon-Based Dots Co-doped with Nitrogen and Sulfur for High Quantum Yield and Excitation-Independent Emission. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2013;52(30):7800–7804. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201301114
Bao L, Zhang ZL, Tian ZQ, Zhang L, Liu C, Lin Y, et al. Electrochemical tuning of luminescent carbon nanodots: from preparation to luminescence mechanism. Advanced Materials. 2011;23(48):5801–5806. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201102866
Sun YP, Zhou B, Lin Y, Wang W, Fernando KAS, Pathak P, et al. Quantum-Sized Carbon Dots for Bright and Colorful Photoluminescence. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2006;128(24):7756–7757. Available from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja062677d
Xu X, Ray R, Gu Y, Ploehn HJ, Gearheart L, Raker K, et al. Electrophoretic Analysis and Purification of Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Fragments. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2004;126(40):12736–12737. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja040082h
HL, He X, Liu Y, Huang H, Lian S, Lee ST, et al. One-step ultrasonic synthesis of water-soluble carbon nanoparticles with excellent photoluminescent properties Carbon. Carbon. 2011;49(2):605–609. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.10.004
Zhang B, Liu C, Liu Y. A Novel One-Step Approach to Synthesize Fluorescent Carbon NanoparticlesEur. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2010;2010(28):4411–4414. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201000622
Bourlinos AB, Stassinopoulos A, Anglos D, Zboril R, Karakassides M, Giannelis EP. Surface functionalized carbogenic quantum dots. Small. 2008;4(4):455–458. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200700578
Pan D, Zhang J, Li Z, Wu C, Yan X, Wu M. Observation of pH-, solvent-, spin-, and excitation-dependent blue photoluminescence from carbon nanoparticles. Chemical Communications. 2010;46(21):3681–3683. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1039/C000114G
Zhang R, Chen W. Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots: facile synthesis and application as a turn-off fluorescent probe for detection of Hg2+ ions. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2014;55:83–90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.11.074
Zhai X, Zhang P, Liu C, Bai T, Li W, Dai L, et al. Highly luminescent carbon nanodots by microwave-assisted pyrolysis. Chemical Communications. 2012;48(64):7955–7957. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CC33869F
Zhang J, Shen W, Pan D, Zhang Z, Fang Y, Wu M. Controlled synthesis of green and blue luminescent carbon nanoparticles with high yields by the carbonization of sucrose. New Journal of Chemistry. 2010;34(4):591–593. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1039/B9NJ00662A
Doweiko JP, Nompleggi DJ. Role of albumin in human physiology and pathophysiology. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 1991;15(4):476–483. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607191015004476
Nicholson JP, Wolmarans MR, Park GR. The role of albumin in critical illness. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2000;85(4):599–610. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/85.4.599
Simard JR, Zunszain PA, Ha CE, Yang JS, Bhagavan NV, Petitpas I, et al. Locating high-affinity fatty acid-binding sites on albumin by x-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2005;102(50):17958–17963. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506440102
Yamasaki K, Chuang VTG, Maruyama T, Otagiri M. Albumin–drug interaction and its clinical implication. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 2013;1830(12):5435–5443. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.05.005
Bertucci C, Domenici E. Reversible and Covalent Binding of Drugs to Human Serum Albumin: Methodological Approaches and Physiological Relevance. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2002;9(15):1463–1481. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867023369673
Sleep D, Cameron J, Evans LR. Albumin as a versatile platform for drug half-life extension. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 2013;1830(12):5526–5534. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.023
Zhu Z, Shi L, Feng H, Zhou HS. Single domain antibody coated gold nanoparticles as enhancer for Clostridium difficile toxin detection by electrochemical impedance immunosensors. Bioelectrochemistry. 2015;101:153–158. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.10.003
Prashanth SN, NLT, Seetharamappa J, AKS, Reddy AVR. Fabrification of electroreduced graphene oxide–bentonite sodium composite modified electrode and its sensing application for linezolid. Electrochimica Acta. 2014;133:49–56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.022
Heli H, Sattarahmady N, Jabbari A, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Hakimelahi GH, Tsai FY. Adsorption of human serum albumin onto glassy carbon surface – Applied to albumin-modified electrode: Mode of protein–ligand interactions. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2007;610(1):67–74. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.07.005
Ranjita D Tandel, J Seetharamappa. Green Synthesized Zero-Dimensional Carbon Dots Modified Glassy Carbon
Electrode for the Enhanced Sensing of Genestein. Karnatak University Journal of Science 55(3), (2024), 1–11