Karnatak University Journal of Science

Volume: 55 Issue: 2

  • Open Access
  • Review Article

A Review on Toxic Potential of Cadmium: Cellular to Organ Level

Lavanya Hongal1, Muniswamy David1,∗

1Environmental Biology and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Karnatak University Dharwad, 580003, India

∗ Corresponding author email: [email protected]
 

Year: 2024, Page: 1-15, Doi: https://doi.org/10.61649/kujos/v55i2.24.08

Received: March 28, 2024 Accepted: April 25, 2024 Published: June 28, 2024

Abstract

Heavy metals pose a serious threat if they go beyond permissible limits in our bodies. Cadmium is a heavy metal that occurs as a natural constituent in the earth’s crust along with Copper, Lead, Nickel and Zinc. It is naturally occurring in the environment as a pollutant that is derived from agricultural and industrial sources. The rapid industrial development has led to serious cadmium (Cd) pollution. Cd can enter the body through the atmosphere, water, soil and food, and has a long half-life (10–30 years), it largely accumulates in kidneys, liver, bone and other organs and causes irreversible damage to the target organs. Epidemiological evidence indicates a potential association between occupational and environmental cadmium exposure and the development of multiple cancer types such as breast, lung, prostate, nasopharynx, pancreas, and kidney cancers. Additionally, cadmium has been linked to the development of Itai-Itai disease, a condition characterized by severe osteoporosis. The exposure to Cd has been associated with epigenetic modifications, characterized by apoptosis, caspase activation, and structural changes in the hepatocytes, kidneys, lungs, and reproductive organs. Several liver and kidney diseases may be attributed to the oxidative stress induced by this xenobiotic. The involvement of mitochondria in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their vulnerability to cadmium make them prime targets. Upon exposure to Cd, mitochondria may experience dysfunction, resulting in diminished ATP production and increased ROS generation. Recently, investigations of the capability of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), and river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) to remove cadmium from polluted soil and water have been carried out. Moreover, nanoparticles of TiO2 and Al2O3 have been used to remove cadmium from wastewater and soil efficiently. Finally, microbial fermentation has been studied as a promising method for removing cadmium from food. This review provides an update on the effects of Cd exposure on human health, focusing on the cellular and molecular alterations involved.

Keywords: Cadmium, Toxicity, Metallothionein, Apoptosis, Remediation

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Lavanya Hongal, Muniswamy David. A Review on Toxic Potential of Cadmium: Cellular to Organ Level. Karnatak University Journal of Science 55(2), (2024), 1–15

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